We know that diabetes is caused by someone's body losing its ability to make insulin. Children with diabetes need to take shots of insulin each day to let their bodies use the blood sugar (glucose) that feeds each cell and gives us energy to move and think. Our bodies make glucose from the food we eat.

If we do not have enough insulin to get blood sugar into the cells of our bodies, the glucose (blood sugar) builds up and does harm to sensitive organs, like the eyes, heart, blood vessels, nerves, kidneys and brain. This is why we try to keep blood sugar at about the same range as people without diabetes. Most of the terrible side effects of diabetes can be avoided or delayed with careful control of blood sugar.

Sometimes, a person with diabetes has too much insulin compared to the amount of food they have eaten; or when the insulin is working too well, such as when they get more exercise or activity than usual; or when they have skipped or delayed a meal or snack. This is called an insulin reaction, or hypoglycemia, or LOW BLOOD SUGAR.

Blood sugar is very important to everyone's brain and nervous system. When a person with diabetes has low blood sugar, it is an emergency. Their bodies react to the emergency by releasing the hormone adrenalin or epinephrine into their blood stream.

Scientists say that our bodies react to these chemical danger alarms by FLIGHT OR FIGHT. If you are hiking in the woods and see something scary, or you feel shy before doing a speaking assignment at school, your body prepares you to have the extra energy to run away or to fight.

The body chemical in your blood might give you symptoms like shakiness or butterflies, rapid heart rate, and/or sweating, and you might look pale. The emergency chemicals are trying to raise your blood sugar so the glucose can give you the extra energy you need.

You have learned to be brave and smart so that you can think of better ways to deal with some scary situations than run or fight. You think, and talk to yourself.

When a person with diabetes has low blood sugar, their body releases the same chemicals. Each person with diabetes may have different signs of the beginning of an insulin reaction, because everyone is different.

Signs of an insulin reaction may be unusual anger, fighting, laughing, or crying; confusion, even when doing everyday things; and also headache, sleepiness, or sudden hunger. The symptoms or signs also depend on how fast the blood sugar is dropping.

If it is dropping slowly, signs are more likely to be grouchiness, confusion, sleepiness, or headaches. If the glucose is dropping fast during exercise or activity, then shakiness may be the first sign, perhaps with sweating or paleness.

Usually, people with diabetes know how they feel when their blood sugar is dropping, or too low, and they can stop what they are doing to eat or drink "quick-acting" sugar, like candy, sugar cubes, soda pop, or fruit juice.

Sometimes, the person with diabetes is concentrating on something interesting or fun, or they don't notice the signs of low blood sugar quickly enough.

People with diabetes usually avoid simple sugars so they can balance their insulin shots with slow-acting, complex sugars. If they are already confused, they may only remember that they are not usually supposed to have sweet things.

Also, the emergency blood chemicals may make the person feel like they should use "flight or fight" Even grown-ups sometimes run away and hide, or fight people who are nearby who try to help them.

No matter how brave or smart a person is, they can be overwhelmed by hypoglycemia. This is very dangerous.

If low blood sugar is not taken care of by taking a quick-acting sugar, followed by a snack, the signs of an insulin reaction get worse. The person will become very drowsy, may have convulsions (seizures), and/or fall into a coma.

There are ways friends can help a person with diabetes who is having an insulin reaction.

First, they can notice when their friend with diabetes starts looking or acting different than usual.

Then they can tell their friend, "Hey, your blood sugar might be low. Do you need a snack?"

Also, they can remind their friend, "when your blood sugar is low YOU NEED TO have something sweet." They might have to insist.

It is important that a person having an insulin reaction is not left alone, or allowed to wander off or run away.

If a child is having low blood sugar, grown-ups should be reminded that this person has diabetes and may need a few drinks of juice or soda pop, some candy or sugar cubes. Sometimes grown-ups forget a child has diabetes and may react to the behavior instead of the medical emergency. This is dangerous. If they do not take care of low blood sugar quickly enough, they may need to call for emergency medical help, and/or use the glucagon emergency kit to give an unconscious person a shot to raise their blood sugar.

Like everyone else, kids and grown ups with diabetes get along better with a little help from their friends.

Families should consult their child's health care professionals for advice on making this information sheet more accurate, as well as specific to their child.

Symptoms of childhood onset insulin dependent diabetes:

Symptoms of type one diabetes may resemble flu symptoms in children and babies; others are uncharacteristic crankiness, weakness and fatigue, weight loss with extreme hunger, unusual thirst and frequent need to use the bathroom, tummy aches and blurred vision.

Parents often report sleep disturbances in the days or weeks before their child is diagnosed. Some children are not diagnosed with early symptoms when regression in potty training is attributed to an existing diagnosis, another child coming into the family, or other stress in the child's life.

There is a build up of glucose, or sugar, in the blood because there is a lack of insulin to get it into cells, so the body starves while the sugar builds up in the blood. It is also concentrated in the urine. This is why children lose weight, and why they are so thirsty and need to use the restroom so often.

After a child is diagnosed, insulin is injected and must be balanced taking into account blood sugar, activity, meals, drinks and snacks, or there will be too much insulin, causing dangerously low blood sugar.

Low blood sugar is an immediate danger and needs quick treatment; high blood sugar causes terrible damage over time, and if it is too high, is very dangerous within hours or days. Both are life threatening and should not be casually accepted.

Children with diabetes need to test their blood sugar quite often to avoid emergencies, to regulate blood sugar levels and also balance food and drink, the effects of exercise, and stress. Regular glycosolated hemoglobin, or A1C tests, can now be done with just a drop of blood and will measure the damage to red blood cells by uncontrolled or high blood sugar over the previous few months.

Browse at local bookstores, your public library, or online retailers for books like A First Book for Understanding Diabetes

How to Give a Classroom Presentation on Diabetes
https://www.diabetesresearch.org/school-presentation

Please, please, please watch this video about the symptoms of Type One Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes Aware -- Diabetes UK and JDRF UK
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tYlQTylh_0M&feature=youtu.be

Growing up with diabetes: a youth perspective
Ms. Krystal Boyea, Youth Ambassador, North America & the Caribbean, to the International Diabetes Federation
https://tinyurl.com/7xjwldq

Children with Diabetes Index
https://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/index_cwd.htm

CWD - Children with Diabetes Information and Support
Children with Diabetes at www.childrenwithdiabetes.com

Diabetes Warning Signsfrom Children with Diabetes Website
https://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/clinic/signs.htm

Important Things to Know About Diabetes in the Developing World
https://www.diabetesmine.com/2012/01/important-things-to-know-about-diabetes-in-the-developing-world.html

Articles about Nick Jonas of the Jonas Brothers, who has type one diabetes:

Jonas Brothers - Dad Speaks Out About Son's Diabetes Battle
https://url.childrenwithdiabetes.com/?u=10697

Jonas Brothers Update - Diabetes Has Not Slowed Down 15-Year-Old Nick Jonas
https://www.diabeteshealth.com/read/2008/04/02/5707.html

Type 1 Pop Star, Nick Jonas Tells His Story ...In November 2005, Nick Jonas found out that he had type 1 diabetes.
https://www.diabeteshealth.com/read/2007/04/26/5150.html